You can load up to 255 esm/esp files at a time. There is a 255 limit hardwired into the game engine. If you want to load more you need to merge them. But depending on your system and what mods you are using, you may run into a practical limit before that, since it is easy to bring even a good gaming computer to its knees with the right combination of mods, since some affect performance more than others.
If you are thinking of installing a lot of mods, I'd recommend taking the time to learn either Wrye Bash or Mod Organizer to install and manage your mods. Either is better than NMM. I prefer Wrye Bash, but Mod Organizer seems to have more users. Wrye Bash is kinda old school.
You should sort your load order with LOOT, unless you really know what you are doing and do a manual sort, but even then, LOOT is a good place to get a basic load order that you can tweak yourself. Remember the "rule of one", when two mods affect the same entry, only the last one loaded has any affect in the game. There are various ways to merge such changes into a single patch that loads last so you can get both of them working together.
There is a mod called Skyrim Script Extender (SKSE) that you will want if you are installing a lot of mods. It is necessary for many script based mods and it has its own "ini" file that changes the way memory is used by the game that can make your game more stable with fewer out of memory crashes. There are also various SKSE plugins (.dll files) that can be added to give the game additional features, like uncapping skills, as one example. These SKSE plugins are not esp/esm files, so they don't count against your 255 limit and they are not loaded into the game so they are much easier to manage.
You may want to clean your mods, since some of them contain unintentional records that are identical to the records in Skyrim.esm (of one of the official DLC esm files), which are harmless unless they load after a mod that makes intentional changes to these records. You can clean these types of "dirty" edits with a tool called TES5Edit.
You can download mods from Nexus. It is the primary place for mods. You can also get some from the Steam workshop, but I prefer to just use the Nexus site. You can get all of the unofficial patches there. Those fix literally thousands of bugs from the vanilla game.
Everyone has their own favorite mods. there are thousands of mods available and many of them are good. Some of them might be a bit buggy, but you can read the mod description and some of the posts on the Nexus site to get a pretty good feel about how stable the mod is and whether it has any major problems. You do have to take some of what some people say with a grain of sale because a lot of people's complaint about mods result from user error and improper installations or conflicts with other mods the particular person is using. But once you get the hang of how mods work, it is pretty easy to tell the difference between someone's legitimate complaint and someone complaining because they made a mistake in the installation. I usually do a fair bit of research about a mod before I install it.
If you want a list of mods, I will tell you some of my favorites (all downloaded from Nexus) in no particular order:
Unofficial patches (all of them)
Flora harvest respawn bug fix
ENBoost (requires the latest Skyrim ENB Series downloaded from Boris's site)
Requiem
Apocalypse
Wintermyst
Frostfall
Wet and Cold
SkyUI
Less Intrusive HUD
iHUD
Warburg's Paper Map (note has some compatibility issues with some mods that add new land masses like Falscar and Wyrmstooth, so if you are using those, you might want to use A Better Map, or whatever the other main map mod is called)
Skyrim HD
SMIM
Skyfalls
WATER
Climates of Tamriel
Skyrim Flora Overhaul
Expanded Towns and Cities
Immersive College of Winterhold
Spell Crafting
JK's Skyrim
Convenient Horses
Touring Carriages
Even Better Quest Objectives
Violens
The Notice Board
Timing is Everything
Alternative Start
Point the Way
I have a very stable load order that I can play for many hours without crashes with good FPS, no lag, except in one or two spots in Markarth where JK Skyrim adds tons of clutter, the FPS drops to about 20 for a couple seconds. Everywhere else I get near constant 50-60 at 1080p. I've got a decent rig though and am not using an ENB. Some of my mods, JK's Skyrim in particular can have a big impact on performance if you don't have a computer than can handle it. Sounds like you've got a good PC though, so you should be fine.
Edit: And none of the mods on my list are any less PG than the game itself. I don't use any "advlt" mods in my Skyrim load order, since I am not using a body replacer. Most body replacers have clothing and no clothing options that you can select when you install them. In general, you are not going to find a lot of "advlt" mods on Nexus, other than the body replacers, which will have underwear and nvde options. There is another site dedicated to "advlt" mods and most of the real advlt mods go there.