Whatever the case is, none of those artifacts were present in vanilla OB.
Though that's true, that's likely because in the original game, the only artifacts you can get are generally the ones from Daedric quests, which are, well, Daedric. And it's not like Bethesda couldn't have put a few more in the game if it suited their needs, they made the armor of Tiber Septim the only one that would work because they wanted the player to go on that quest.
In any case, I can see a number of answers to this question, one is that it's simply a lore screwup, maybe someone at Bethesda either forgot about those artfacts or decided to ignore them for the sake of the story, it's not the first time Bethesda has done this, and it's definately not the first time a writer has done this.
Since Elder Scrolls lore is Serious Business, though, people generally aren't satisfied with blaming apparent inconsistencies on an issue outside the gameworld, so we might assume that the screwup was an in-universe one, after all, while writers can get things wrong, or ignore them if it suits their purposes, so can fictional characters, maybe Martin and Jauffre simply weren't aware there were other options.
It could also be that Martin litterally needed blood, as has been suggested, and the armor might have some of Tiber Septim's caked blood on it, in that case, the armor seems to make sense. The first or second explanations seem to be better at adressing why we were told about there not being many artifacts of the Divines, though.
Does the Amulet of Kings count as an Aedric artifact, considering it is is the blood of Akatosh?
If it did, it would be irrelavent in the situation, since Martin did not have it, and in fact, you NEEDED an Aedric artifact so you could go get it back from Mankar Cammoran, even if you did have it at the time, it wouldn't exactly be smart to destroy the artifact you need to save the world before hand in order to open a portal, would it?
Glass, Ebony and Adamant are plain but valuable minerals. The first two are of volcanic origin (what about the third?), being asociated with Lorkhan, since Red Mountain is the only place were you actually find it...
I'm not sure about the other two, but in Morrowind at least some Dunmer say that ebony is the crystalized blood of the gods, of course, just because they say it doesn't mean its true, but there are things fans almost universally accept as true in the universe that are much harder to believe. Since the Heart of Lorkhan is thee, I could see some of his blood being there as well.