I did find a really nice rifle that uses .38, the gun works great but has ZERO knockdown power. It's a sniper by design, but doesn't serve that role because it takes numerous shots to even deal any damage and range isn't good.
I also have a really decent .45 sniper that serves a MUCH better role in closer quarters. I have tons of .45 ammo. And that one has knockdown power and stops most enemies in 1-3 shots.
All of my .308 snipers are super slow bolt actions, and .308 is a lot more expensive to buy and harder to find.
I have a gun I named 'Gizmo' that was a crude handgun that I've managed to mod into a cool gun with a drum clip, the best receiver you can make with gun nut II, the best scope you can make with gun nut and science, and a other modifications. It still only does 26 dam or so, but it is rapid fire (not auto) and the ammo is abundant. Of course, I'm only level 14 and I don't know anything outside my little sphere of influence in the north of the great Boston area.
IMO, the .38 Pipe Rifles and such are excellent backup weapons. I created an assault rifle with an Armor Piercing, Automatic receiver, Marksman stock, and Muzzle Brake. Where it lacked in power, I had almost no recoil when firing it. I also had 2000+ .38 rounds. When my main weapons were low, I switched to it. I even killed a deathclaw with it and a couple of frag mines.