I understand that if I'm going sneak, I'm most likely using bows.
Not so, and I find the lack of non-archery-focused builds here disappointing.
I'm playing a sneak thief character. Dark Elf. This is my second character, so I had some experience under my belt of what I wanted to do. Immediately out of Helgen, I went to Whiterun. Sneaking everywhere, pickpocketing everyone. Within 6 hours (with a few breaks, a few quests here and there) I had my pickpocketing up to 100 and Sneak in the mid-40s. I decided to try my hand at a dagger-wielding assassin, no archery whatsoever. And let me tell you.. it's the greatest! Immediately get the x15 dagger sneak attack perk. As soon as possible, join the Thieves Guild and get the gloves that give you double backstab or double sneak attack bonus, which brings your sneak attack critical with a dagger up to x30. At low levels, you'll be doing anywhere between 300-600 points of damage, instantly killing pretty much anything.
To get your sneak up, go raid a few bandit places at night. Sneak at all times. Save often. When you find an enemy, sneak up on him and get that x30 critical with your dagger. Dead! By sneaking near your enemies and getting sneak attacks, your Sneak skill will shoot up pretty quickly. Don't worry about trying to power-level your One Handed either. Mine was in the 30s and I was still able to one-hit nearly everything.
As for perks- get every rank of the first sneak perk as soon as possible. They're tremendously helpful. For a sneak character, getting every perk on the Sneak tree is helpful and worthwhile. You don't really need to look at any other perks in the One Handed tree.
To give you an idea of what is possible with this kind of character.. I've got a few sneak boosting items (a necklace, a ring, and a helmet), plus the 45%(?) with all 5 ranks of the first Sneak perk. I'm able to essentially sneak in clear sight of anyone, kill them, and not get noticed. I can run entire dungeons without getting noticed once by the enemy, while still killing everyone and everything in it. The only thing you really need to be cautious about is sneaking in clear sight of human enemies in direct light. That is, don't walk past a fire or torch or whatever when they have a line of sight on you. Other than that, have fun killing everything in one hit. (With 30-40 One Handed, Draugr Deathlords are 2 hit, as was a Centurion Master. Both times I still got 2 sneak attacks on them, since neither noticed me after the first hit).
Also, my character doesn't wear armor. Not for stealth reasons, but because I never get hit. But I do get the added stealth of not having armor noise, plus the additional carrying capacity that not having armor frees up.
I hope you actually read that.
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Just want you and anyone else to know that sneak builds do not have to rely on archery.