I haven't had Argis myself but think all followers have the same AI, can't imagine they would go through the trouble of giving Argis a different one, especially since he's just a standard housecarl. All followers will attack all hostiles until they're dead (and even through the kneeling stage). Don't know what happened with Shadowmere with that particular wiki contributor you mentioned, possibly a random friendly fire incident (it happens).
I think you can pretty much take any follower as steward, there are lists around you can look up too - you could even try Farkas, I'm sure Vilkas will be happy to have him around

(although it's too bad you never see them interact in the game).
Here's one list: http://www.gamesas.com/topic/1409356-unofficial-list-of-stewards/
Editing to add:
Don't know about essentials (I think Mjoll is reputed to be essential), but if your steward comes with a set of steel armor, it's pretty easy to upgrade their armor to something good, just make sure you give them something in their armor class with better
base armor rating. I made Vilkas pretty much invincible by giving him legendary daedric armor and a superenchanted daedric greatsword.