Argonians are Argonians, not lizards.
Indeed, they may have some physical similarities to lizards, but saying they're lizards is no more accurate than saying that elves are chimpanzees. If you're going to ask this question, you might as well also ask how dragons can survive in Skyrim, because dragons look kind of like lizards too, once you take the wings away.
And I'd imagine Argonians survive in Skyrim the same way they survive in Solstheim or the Jerall Mountains. While there aren't many of them in Bloodmoon (To be fair, the majority of the population on the island are Nords anyway. And free Argonians didn't make up that large a section of the population in Vvardenfell either. The boat owner at Fort Frostmoth is an Argonian, and although he complains about the cold and that he can't even get a pair of boots, it makes him uncomfortable, certainly, but does not affect his survival. Also, I believe one of the crew of the airship in that Bloodmoon quest is an Argonian, and though he is dead, like the rest of the crew, it's likely due to the airship crashing rather than the cold.
And how does that work? I don't know, it's not really explained, but I'm guessing that the reason is because, as a fantasy race with weird fantasy physiology, Argonians don't need to follow the same biological rules that real life lizards do. The fact they look somewhat similar doesn't change that.