Mipmapping does not work the way you described, when textures are provided as replacements for the games originals, they should have mipmaps generated as part of the mod authors process in making them.
Just one down sized image is not enough mipmaps, and mipmaps do not come as separate images, they are included in the same texture they are mipmaps of
Are you sure that the 512 is not just an optional choice size of texture versus the 1024 one ( both of which should have a series of mipmaps generated per texture and included as layers of the textures )
Here is mipmaps explained, read How it works https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mipmap
And here is a texture I just loaded up in GIMP with its mipmap layers on the right
https://i.imgur.com/heVbcHH.jpg
Anyway up, this is not something you can control, the Graphics cards have optimal routines where they interpolate between one mipmap to the next depending upon distance from the point of view
But the routine does not just chop from one mipmap to the next, mipmaps can be seen as stages of reduction that are pre-calculated
In between those stages the graphics card can also do more calculated stages on the fly ( generated interpolations ), and add to those calculated stages with rendering effects such as Anisotropic filtering, Antialiasing, FXAA, SMAA and with newer game engine such effects as Ambient Occlusion ..
.. So you should not be seeing a definite and obvious degradation of texture quality within such a short distance, but rather a gradual deterioration of detail over distance, the quality of which depends upon your hardware ( or how good the mod authors textures are and the quality of its mipmaps ), screen resolution and your graphics card settings / game engine settings.
Its kind of hard to know what you are seeing / explaining without links to mods or images of your screenshots to visually assess what may be going wrong, obviously something does not look like it is right in your opinion enough for it to be annoying, and I dont think when you posted that you fully understand the subject enough to articulate the perceived problem.
If any of my answer has given you insight into what may be wrong then good, if not I think we need more detail.
Will bookmark this topic and see if we can help more, I think there may be ini settings which may make a difference, but usually nobody has to even investigate such a possibility so I am guessing its a mod texture problem, game setup problem, or user error of some / all the above.
I for one have never had a need to search for such a setting, and I am veeeery picky with my graphics ( See signature reference Vanilla Reduced Textures - I spent a couple of years doing that mod just to get my crappy old laptop looking good and being able to play Skyrim ( which it should not have been able to with its limited under spec VRAM ) )
Edit : Just a possibility - Did you install the 512 low res textures AFTER you installed the 1024 higher res ones ?
If so I think you were probably meant to have installed one set ( not both ), and having overwritten the high res set you are now not so impressed with having the textures looking low res, if so, and they are replacer textures ( ie they are designed to replace the games originals ) .. Just re-install the High res ones and forget about the 512 ones.