As far as everyone who claims bolt-action aren't "cowboyish". There have been bolt-action rifles for a long time. Even before the wars that Call of Duty games are based on. So to the guy who got his list of rifles off of Wiki, if you'd kept reading you would've seen that they've been around since the 1700's. I dunno about anyone else. But I think a cowboy or two probably used one.
Generally, the first rifle to be considered a bolt-action was the Dryse Needle Gun. A single shot affair firing a paper cartridge and first fielded in 1841. The first metal cartridge bolt actions saw service in the 1860s, and repeaters (ones with some type of magazine allowing the shooter to fire more than one round before reloading) in the 1870s. The first successful bolt-action rifle, in the configuration as we know them today, ie: bolt-action, magazine fed (internal box magazine), repeating rifles, was the Model 1885 Remington-Lee, which mated a Remington action/barrel with Scottish/American gun designer James Paris Lee's (of later
Lee-Enfield fame) internal box magazine. Interestingly enough, this rifle was actually first produced by Sharps, not in 1885, but in 1879.
Most all bolt-action rifle evolution was spurred by the military sector. Lever-actions were generally spurned by militaries, with the notable exception of the Russian purchase of Winchester 1895s (ok, Teddy Roosevelt bought them for his volunteers too), because a prone soldier had problems cycling the action. Conversely, cowpokes, ranchers, outlaws, lawman and all sundry of weapon purchasers out in the American West in the second half of the 19th century favored lever-action rifles. Ease of use and maintenance, reliability, durability, low cost, ready availability, light weight and commonality of ammuntion all seemed to favor lever action rifles for range work. Serious big game hunters used more substantial rolling block or falling block rifles (which, although they have levers, should not be properly termed lever-actions. They are correctly called single shots. Lever-actions are repeaters.) until John Moses Browning (one of the other great American gun designers) made a lever action strong enought to contain the bigger cartridges.
The result of all this is that bolt action rifles were predominantly the pervue of militaries throughout the late 19th century, the time most associated with cowboys and the wild west. Bolt actions saw a series of significant design improvements, first with the adoption by most major nations of bolt-aciton repeaters in the last decade of the century and first of the next (Mauser G98, Mosin-Nagant 1891, Krag-Jorgensen M1892, Lee's-Metford and Enfield, M1903 Springfield, among others) and then with the advent of the first high powered smokeless powder spitzer pointed rounds. While there may have been some commercial sales and/or surplus of military bolt actions that made their way west, the vast majority of weapons fielded by "Capital C" Cowboys were levers. Even the US Army did not standardize to a bolt action rifle until 1892. They don't call the Winchester model 1873 the "Gun that won the West" for no reason.
Sorry for the long winded history lessson, but I doubt most folks know all this stuff, so I thought I'd pass it on.
-Gunny out.