To me, that's one of the odder things in the game-- you're specifically sent by Nocturnal to reclaim a stolen item, so obviously having items stolen from her doesn't sit well with her, but, as Kristoffer pointed out, you can actually stand there and talk to her while wearing the Gray Cowl, which was also stolen from her, and she doesn't even notice.
I guess she's just not the sharpest Daedra Lord around.....
:shrug:
Or perhaps it's because the absence of the item you are tasked with retrieving makes it so that she doesn't realize you're wearing the cowl (although she could have other ways of knowing...).
The lot of them aren't that bright, it seems. Take Molag Bal, for instance: you can kill dozens of his followers, and yet when you come around asking for a favor he apparently doesn't give a damn about it.