*pulls up pants to waist and tugs on suspenders* I'll solve this case!
1) Ok, here's the thing about scrapping and settlements: when you scrap something in a settlement it goes directly to that settlement's storage - not yours. Just go to any settlement you have previously visited and chances are good there will be a ton of steel there. To do this, go to a workbench (any crafting station will do) and select "Transfer" to access it.
2) This tip is amazing I do say so myself I have a few sort-of-rare-but-commonly-used components tagged for search. There are a few ways to do this, but the easiest way is already have at least one of the component you need more of, go to Inventory > Junk and select component view. Then go to the component you need, and hit ""tag for search". You'll see a magnifying glass appear next to it. Here's where it gets amazing: as you travel around the world, when you look at a random object the magnifying glass will appear and you'll know that object has a component you need. It's awesome!
Components I would suggest you tag for search:
Oil
Gears
Fiber Glass
Ballistic Thread
Screws
Most of the other stuff is either incredibly common or rarely used, but to each their own.