It's most likely just scrapped power armor that the raiders found and modified to fit their needs, like the salvaged power armor the NCR had in NV.
"They have the best equipment the NCR can get its hands on, power armor salvaged from our war with the Brotherhood. Techs strip out the joint servos so you don't need special training to wear it. It feels like you're carrying a brahmin on your back, but it can take a heck of a lot of punishment."-Chief Hanlon
So assuming the raiders have the tech smarts to get rid of the servos, this would explain why they can use it without special training. It would be a lot more cumbersome without the servos helping you to move but it offers good protection for those that can deal with the weight/ -2 agility.