Decided to go investigate the NCR Correctional Facility on my way out of Goodspring.

Varmints decided to shoot at me, so i took it kinda personal and shot back, stormed the visitor's center. In the process a pop up told me I killed someone named "Meyer." Did I just hose myself?

Probably a quest-centric NPC, if he's one of the prisoners I wouldn't worry about it too much. You can always resurrect him via console command if you're on PC.

Actually from what I can tell he's one of the Powder Gangers. I'm not sure if he was auto-hostile though as I was firing on manual.

Heh, just killed another one named Scrambler, I think and go "Quest Failed: I Fought The Law." Guess i just slaughtered a quest hub, if I'd supported the Powder Gangers. Kewl!

EDIT: Welp, just found the answer. Meyer was a prisoner there, and one of the options for a new sheriff for a nearby town. Oops.