In the first two Fallout games, you picked Traits at the beginning of the game, but not perks. They did emphasize spending skill points to raise your skills compared to picking a perk; Bethesda's changed the system by getting rid of skill points completely and just having us decide our SPECIAL at chargen, and then choose a perk on level up. And the perks have SPECIAL requirements instead of level requirements, so your SPECIAL choice at the start of the game decides what perks you have access to.
Of course, you can always increase your SPECIAL (presumably by spending a perk point) to get access to more perks, but to get them all you'd need to level up more than 300 times.