First tip, always try to reload a prior save and see if the problem keeps happening. If it still occurs after loading a previous save, try leaving the current area you are in and casting a spell to see if the effect is duplicated. If you are playing on your hard drive (assuming you are on consoles) you may want to uninstall the game, clear your cache, and then redownload everything. If all of that doesn't work, you probably have corrupted your save file somehow or you ran into a nasty glitch. Unfortunately, sometimes you just have to restart.
Basically, save often and in different slots so you can always reload. That will solve 9/10 problems you will ever encounter in Skyrim. Hope that helps!