I never took out Caesar's camp, but I never saw any Legion respawn in Cottonwood Cove or Nelson, so I think you can take out major factions as long as you're not too picky about your definition of "take them out". Patrols for NCR and Caesar wander around, and there's no reason to believe you'd never see any of them anymore. Both armies are so big it's logical that you'd keep stumbling across soldiers. Securitrons are all planted as best I can tell, so you might be able to wipe them out.
Can't speak for Securitrons, but Nelson and Cottonwood do not respawn because of scripts where either the NCR moves in to take over Nelson, or Cottonwood becomes irradiated and the Legion abandons the base. You cannot really wipe out Fortification Hill - I went in, used Terrifying Presence on Caesar (was totally worth it), fought my way out, killing every Legion member I came across, then left and came back a week or two later to recover the Slave Ledger for the Khans quest, only to run into quite a few respawned Legion members (including the Gate Guard and the boat guy).