Several ideas come to mind.
Most directly to your question: Increase your major skills until you are level 17. If you need tips on leveling up any particualar skill, ask away and plenty of folks can help.
You might consider just giving up Sheogorath's staff at level 2. Simple.
You might consider just placing the silly main quest on hold until someday your character achieves level 17. There is so much other fun stuff to do in the mean time.
Leveling up quickly generally leads to regrets by characters who start getting their butts kicked when their killing skills and supporting attributes start falling behind their foes. A slow and careful leveling plan can help prevent this. Having the difficulty slider set to easy can actually indirectly aggravate things; when the game is set to easy, it requires less spells/hits/arrows to kill your foes so your critical killing skills level up slower because they don't get as much use. You get 10x the leveling to your blade skill by taking 20 hits to kill a foe instead of 2 hits. That is also a good reason not to use overly powerful weapons or spells when trying to level up those killing skills. Slowling killing a foe with that little flare spell advances your destruction much faster than a very powerful spell would.