Same thing happened to me, just wait for a meteor to fall on him and fir him to die and respawn. (Assuming you have Puppies! Perk.)
I DO have the puppies perk. But I have already wandered around a bit, went back to Vault 101 entrance, and still have yet to locate Dogmeat since starting Broken Steel. Is he somewhere back at the Citadel, or should I start Broken Steel over again and see what happens? It's aggravating me because for me he was a strong character and never died during the regular game, and I came to rely on his growling to let me know something was there.