The glitch has now fixed itself after I walked on foot all the way to The Sink and activated the personality of the Biological Research station. Cost me a few stimpacks in a couple of close encounters with Lobotomites; they may be brainless, but they're disturbingly accurate with those Hunting Revolvers.
Things that
didn't fix the glitch:
Leaving the game and starting again.
Closing and relaunching Steam.
Rebooting laptop.
Entering Magnegohydraulics thingamagig, to see if the game gets through a loading screen that's not fast-travel.