I am a level 14 dark elf and I have a question about perks. Lets take the archery perk for example. The first "unlock" in the tree has 5 parts. The first of five gives you 20% damage with bows. Or does it? As long as your archery is at level 20 or something right? Then the second of 5 gives you 40% damage with bows but you have to have your archery to level 40. So when I level archery to level 40 and use that perk, then my bow will do 40% more damage, correct? Now, with the first perk in the tree being a fractional thing, can I use perks on anything above the first perk in the tree or do I have to spend five perks in archery to unlock anything else?
Second, In Oblivion what you chose as your birth sign, I think, determined what your major and minor skills were. When you leveled your major skills you leveled up. I think.

. In skyrim what determines what skills you start with more level in, or start with more XP in. I believe that by choosing the mage stone, that raised my xp level in magic like destruction and conjuration. Is that right?
I guess I am just wondering because I know I chose the mage stone, and I started with higher XP/skill in magic's, But I am wondering about the archery. where does that fall in? Thief or warrior or mage. Is there a good website that explains how that works. The wiki for skyrim isnt that great as of yet.
Any insight appreciated!!