Every gun frame and composition is different, as are the mod-types that are engineered for them. A service rifle has a carry-handle on top, and there is no way you could fit the hunting rifle scope on top of that without it being extremely rinky-dink and inaccurate, hence pointless. Similarly, the underside of a shotgun barrel is completely different from the underside of the 10mm pistol, where the laser sight is engineered to fit. Besides, the shotguns already have choke mods, which do exactly the same thing as the laser sight mod does- narrows the projectile spread. Duct-taping the wrong kind of mod onto a weapon it was never made for, just doesn't work very well. While it would be 'nice', I suppose to make the game have universal mods that just magically fit on anything, it would be completely unrealistic and just.... dumb. Glad it is the way it is, myself.
It's not as black and white as that Smokey. You can mount rails on shotguns to accept lights, laser, all kinds of stuff. Mounting a scope on a fixed carry handle AR would be a real [censored], as you say, but it would be nice if in the next game a more modular mod (redundancy FTW) system could be implemented. There's no real reason why you shouldn't be able to use the extended mag from the service rifle in the marksman carbine. Unless for some weird ass reason they didn't use standard mags on two military rifles chambered for the exact same round.
-Gunny