The other daedric artifacts most likely have their own hidden powers but has not been unlocked or mastered yet by the daedric champions. Xarxes and Umbra are probably the only others who had mastered the Oghma Infinium and Umbra's full power.
Try to make up all if not most of the daedric princes artifact's true power in the most lore friendly way possible. Here is my list.
Ring of Hircine - Gives powers to your werewolf form, making you bigger, stronger, faster, and smarter.
Skull of Corruption - True power seen in game already, gives nightmares to everyone in town, power expands as time goes by.
Dawnbreaker - Allows you to draw energy from the sun itself, each swing creates a straight line of pure fire, burning everything in its way.
Wabbajack - Mastery over this artifact allows you to decide what your targets turns into.
Ebony Blade - Mastery over this artifact automatically kills everyone who trusts you.
Mehrunes Razor - Allows you to kill anyone in one hit, no more chances but each hit has a 5% chance to kill yourself.
Oghma Infinium - History becomes whatever you wrote.
Umbra - May now steal souls from the the gods/daedric princes but only a portion.
Spellbreaker - Now also reflects any spells, arrows, swords etc. back to the attacker.
Ebony Mail - Allows you to move through the shadows, not as fast as fast travel but much much quicker than sprinting.
Azura Star - You could now throw the star and trap the souls of whatever it hits. Also may store as many souls as possible.
Mace of Molag Bal - Whoever sees this mace would attack their own allies rather than you.
Masque of Clavicus - Stuff from merchants are now free to you.
Sanguine Rose - Now summons 12 dremora lords instead of 1.
Ring of Namira - May now eat from even things that aren't meat, gains a good buff from whatever you eat for 240 seconds.
Volendrung - Each swing now sends your enemies to space, kinda like the giants.