Fortified levels don't count for advancement, just training.
Ok, so it isn't possible in the way I suggested. Odd because, at that very moment, your skills would match whatever requirement a particular guild has set in order to advance. It is actually a good thing though, well thought-out in terms of mechanics at least.
You can join both mages/Telvanni and lead both factions easily. The beauty with these games is that there is "more than one way to skin a cat."
EDIT: More ways to skin a Khajiit I mean...