With the college? I'm trying to make a mage who doesn't have an affiliation with the college yet and was wondering if there the "adept" or apprentice" or anything are linked to the college of winterhold?

Well, personally I did perceive them as uniforms of the College. There are even different uniforms for different ranks. But I also did use them for characters unrelated to the College.

The un-enchanted versions are called "College Robes" in-game so in a way I guess they are the College's uniform.

Most magi not with the College tend not to use them, some exceptions being Nelacar, who used to be with the college but still keeps using the uniform and Taron Dreth from the Dawnguard DLC who seems to have a uniquely-enchanted Master Robe and, AFAIK, isn't with the college.

People will ask you if you're a wizard from the College if you wear them, so that's what people seem to associate them with, yes.

Ahh ok. I might just do unenchanted blue robes for the time being. What other colors are available and look good with a one handed sword and spell?

I like Vermina's robes, Telvani and Vampire.