Specifically, I want to know if a bound bow firing chitin arrows will affect ghosts and daedra, or will I have to use my silver darts?

Unless I'm mistaken a chitin arrow will always affect Daedra.

Any arrow that isn't a silver arrow or better (glass/ebony/daedric) shouldn't affect ghosts unless the arrow is enchanted without Frost enchantment, because both ghosts and skeletons are immune to Frost damage. Of course I could be wrong about this.

Using silver darts against ghosts is better than nothing, so if you only had that kind of weapon in your inventory then use it. Daedra in general is more tougher than normal enemies except for Scamps.