Well, as for other countries. Most likely Canada and Mexico are in a similar state, since they're so close. Tenpenny must have come on a ship. Most probably the only ship journey to ever take place after the War.
China is often mentioned in-game, so that completely diffuses your 'Nobody seems to talk about the world outside America' statement. Also, recall that DC is not near any borders, a trip to a border would take very long. And once there, if the condition was better or worse, no one would return to tell everyone else about it.
If you listen to the Enclave Radio, Eden often talks about the days before the War. Also, you learn about how things were just before the bombs dropped (and during it) from dozens of in-game Holotapes. Some of which can be found in Lamplight Caverns, some in the Police HQ, there are several more. You seldom see humans talking about how it was before the War, because it has been 200 years since the event. No one is alive. Whoever is, is a Ghoul. Namely Carol in Underworld, who talks about life before the War, if you ask her.
Hopefully, this answers some of the issues you brought up. But you and I both know, aside from these, there are several dubious topics. For those, simply put; it's a Video Game, use 'suspension of disbelief'.