In Diamond city I have a suit of power armor and a ton of gear in a file cabinet at Valentines place. For no known reason both have totally disappeared since my last save.
Help!
In most Bethesda games, some containers reset every few days. I suspect the filing cabinet in question is likely one of those. Containers in your home (likely "settlements" in this case) generally do not, although we often have to wait on the release of the Construction Set/Creation Kit/GECK/whatever to be able to confirm that. Suits of Power Armor have been known to walk off (usually wrapped around an NPC who needed it for some reason or other). The easiest solution to this problem is to remove the Fusion Core from the suit before leaving the area. Without the core, it's non-functional and NPCs will ignore it. They won't even make snarky comments about the new post-apocalyptic sculpture getting in their way.
Still trying to find my power armor that disappeared from the castle.
One of your settlers (or a companion) is stomping around the Commonwealth having a good ol' time.
Remove power cores from PA you don't want to "wander off".
FO4 seems to respawn chests and merchants much sooner than FO3 did so this may be why you are just noticing this now.
As others have already said dont store anything in containers that arent part of your settlement(eather there already or made by you) or in your apparments(Diamond city/Vault 81)
About PA always remove fussion cores and they will never go missing, i mean it like leaving your brand new car in a bad neighburhood with door opened and keys in ignition(not rly that bad but settlers and companions are known to ocasionaly use it and walk around normaly only when there is enemies nearby but can happen even without any enemies near)