My Sanctuary has been attacked about four times so far. I've managed to defend it each time. Unfortunately, I was browsing the settlement list just yesterday looking for issues and noticed that Sanctuary was listed with zero food, water, etc. I decided it was a bug and fast-traveled back home just to check... I was wrong. Everything needed repair. I was floored. I have defenses and turrets set up everywhere. The defense rating is somewhere in the mid-300's. I figured that it would take an army of Behemoths armed with Fat Man to take it down.
I started backtracking my game saves trying to figure out what had happened. A few minutes into the past and everything would appear fine in Sanctuary, but while examining it in build-mode each resource would slowly dip to zero as if whatever had happened was slowly catching up. I finally found a game save where Sanctuary was being attacked... by three radscorpions coming down the path from Vault 111.
There wasn't even a legendary among them, and I mopped them up fairly easily. However, I could see how they might wipe out my settlement when they would quickly burrow underground and pop up elsewhere. All my defenses expect a frontal attack, and if the enemy can burrow past them or hide while under fire then they're pretty useless.
I've also noticed a disturbing trend where the attackers somehow manage to appear right in the middle of the settlement or if I don't respond quickly enough to a call to arms then the settlement will just be wiped out. I thought at first that my defenses were simply inadequate, but if the default game behavior requires the player to be present when a settlement is under attack in order for it to be saved, then I have to wonder why I'm spending time and resources building up settlement defenses when I have to be half-way across the map on a mission.