The real question is, what's really max? 10 in each SPECIAL... or 11? As far as I know, you can't upgrade a SPECIAL stat to 11 unless the stat is already 10 when you pick up the Bobblehead, which means you can't use them to shore up your SPECIAL for getting perks.
Fully maxed out, with 11 in each SPECIAL and every rank of every perk, would be, yeah, level 264 I think. But as people have said, the game is designed so that the "endgame" is around level 50. Past that is way overkill, you'll be able to breeze through every scenario you come across. If you weren't already at level 50. I'm not even sure enemies scale to your level past that point.
Question for those of you that have gone higher than 50: your health still increases with leveling, right? There was some talk before the game came out that once you hit level 50, your health wouldn't increase through leveling any more.