So I finally did Vault 81's story quest, where you learn of their experiment.
Man, I find myself torn. On one hand, typical Vault-Tec shenanigans. On the other hand...unlike a lot of their experiments this one actually had a potential benefit to Humanity as a whole. More...it succeeded, but due to the initial Overseer's decision, no one knew about it until the bulk of the cure samples had expired.
More, it seems the lead scientist agreed with the Overseer's hesitation on Human trials - and they ended up not being needed in the end. Well done Bethesda.