I put together these images showcasing the area you can cover with artillery pieces in your settlements.
Image 1:Full coverage with 1 piece of artillery in each settlement.
Image 3:Economic version:Sufficient coverage.
Image 2:Areas where you can call for minutemen help (If in range of closest settlement).Shoot flare at a 45 angle towards closest settlement for max range.
( old link) http://imgur.com/a/yQwua
( new link ) http://imgur.com/a/M1gph Image 1:Max range of 1 piece.(Tested) Image 2:Example of a good coverage /piece.
NOTE:Ranges might be a little be larger in actual fact (possibly 10 %).I went with the range I was sure about.
Artillery smoke grenades and flares are often spawned inside of the workshop if the settlement has a piece of artillery.