If I throw high level male+female dwellers together that have a really high strength (for example), will their kid have a predetermination to be born/grow up with a higher stat in that 'SPECIAL' category? It makes sense to me that it should. Two high intelligence people should make an intelligent kid, not so?

It should work that way but it doesn't ... I put maxed SPECIAL breeders in together and their offspring were all over the place ... Some had 1s and 2s ... Not sure if it is random or based on some other factors