Karliah and Brynyolf become followers in the quest Blindsighted, though I'm not sure if they replace your current followers or not or if they'll follow you out the Dwemer ruin where the quest starts. I have to say, I'm really impressed by your tolerance in keeping Barbas around. Between his constant barking and shoving me (occasionally off cliffs) he drives me nuts and make a point of either dodging the quest entirely or completing it as soon as I get it just to rid myself of that mutt.
I managed to get both Serana and Rayya following my crusader during the Dawngaurd quest. This was on Xbox 360 too, so no mods. The thing is, I couldn't make this happen all the time; it depended what portion of the DG quest (on the good side, not the vampire side) I was doing.
Meeko the dog might be free. I run the UFO mod and don't have limitations on followers, so I'm not sure.
There's a dog you can buy in Markarth, also.
Just make sure you have the Heal Other spell.
I think Serana is free during parts of Dawnguard.