I've found that the shadows really don't have a huge impact? Am I just stepping too loudly? My sneak skill is growing, and I have shoes on vs. boots, but I'll get busted in the shadows and can sneak past people in broad daylight. I dun know....
I do find that shadows have a big affect on sneaking. I believe the game uses the amount of light that falls on your character as a big factor in the calculation. As mentioned above Line of Sight is also very important. And distance.
And whether the NPC or Creature is looking toward your character. You might be able to sneak behind someone in daylight and not be detected. But sneak in front of someone in shadows and be detected.
Also very important is the target's sneak skill. If they have high sneak skill that can detect your character more easily even in shadows.
And as mentioned above Light spells (or potions or enchantments) are horrible for sneaking. Night Eye is much better since it doesn't generate light. The only problem with the default night eye, is that it may make it harder to see where there are shadows to sneak in.
EDIT: by the way sneak in this game is very impressive I think. Because of all the realistic factors it takes into account. It is one of the best features of the game, again in my opinion.