The book The Stand by Stephen King is kind of Fallout 3 but the television series based on it was a fail from what I've seen. Highly recommend that book.

^ this.

Also, his Dark Tower series is VERY Fallout in appearance. And in character, a lot of the time... O_O" I only just noticed that. :L

Blast from the Past - Not a post-apocalyptic movie per-se but you did get to see a vault-like shelter and a 1960's Cuban Missile Crisis era family get sort of culturally frozen in time... =p

VERY loosely related but related nontheless: I just put iTunes on and found '19' by Paul Hardcastle? It gives me the shivers. Made mainly from war-time news broadcasts, it's got that old fashioned sound to it that makes me think of Fallout.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b3LdMAqUMnM
Also contains details on the soldiers' mental state when they came home.
The one thing that did my head in about school history lessons; we're only ever taught about WWII (because we won, natch) and even then we're only taught about British spirit and tea parties in the street when the war ended. It doesn't interest me; I'd rather learn about the actual effects, particularly on the soldiers. I don't care if Mrs Smith's teapot broke during the festivities. I think that's one of the reasons I love Fallout - it's real, it's not about a sudden impossible rebirth where everyone suddenly starts singing and dancing. Even at the end of the game, nothing feels 'better'. The purifier's a drop in the ocean.

/rant. Sorry! XD It makes me quite sad.

Jericho is definately a good show to check into. It's like Jeremiah but from a diffrent aspect.

No one has mentioned http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0094033/, Patrick Swayze's rather awful foray into post-apocalyptic films.

Also there are the http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0099271/ movies. A future dystopia where people are forced to live underground, a android with a soul on the run, chaos and gunfights. Very FO3 in attitude.

Dunno about books/shows, but definitely the Book of Eli.

As a matter of fact that was the reason I saw it in the first place.

A boy and his dog

Planet of the Apes, Doctor Strangelove, Gene Roddenberry's "Genesis II", Max Headroom is a possible as much of that world looks blasted, lots more as well.

"Warrior of the Lost World"! Has some raiders that look kind of like those in F3.

These and:

The Quiet Earth (ghost towns)
Mad Max 3 (irradiated water)

Jeremiah definitely reminds me of Fallout! There's also a reality tv show called The Colony that came out after Fallout. The first season wasn't so good, but in the second season, they simulated a viral outbreak that took out most of the population of the U.S. They put 7 people together in a part of New Orleans that was totally destroyed by Katrina, on something like 40 acres. They came up with a fictional government agency called V.O.P.A. (viral outbreak protection agency), which at the beginning of the season quarantined these people for two days, then dropped them by helicopter into this section of New Orleans. There are all sorts of abandoned buildings and stuff to scavenge, and they have to completely fend for themselves. Throughout the show they throw obstacles at them. People trying to steal their supplies, or trying to join them. At one point the producers of the show even started a huge fire in one of the buildings to see what the reaction would be. And some of the taping took place during the gulf oil spill, so they also had to deal with their water source being polluted with oil, and the oil rain and all of the other immediate effects the spill had on the gulf environment at the time. Whenever I watch that show, I think, man, I could take those stinking raiders. Give me a lead pipe and they'd be done for, hehe. No medical supplies for you. Anyway, The Colony. Watch it if you've completed Fallout 3 and need your fix before Vegas. Oh, there's also a show called Life After People which speculates on what would happen to cities, monuments, your personal stuff, animals, etc, if all the people on the planet just disappeared. They had a Washington DC one that was pretty cool.

The Atomic Cafe
Its just a bunch of old news footage from the cold war era spliced together to be comical. WATCH IT IF YOU HAVEN'T. It's super awesome.

A Boy And His Dog was a messed up movie, but I think they actually used that as a resource for fallout 3. not sure though

A post World War 3 film (but not set in a wasteland) is Equilibrium. Very good film - wonder how roleplaying a Grammaton cleric would work in Fallout 3. I'm also reading The Road at the minute after seeing it on posts about the post apocalypse world. Excellent book so far, also got On the Beach by Nevil Shute.

Also read ages ago Where the Wind Blows - excellent about the immediate aftereffects of a nuclear war

Where the Wind Blows would be a GREAT scene setter.....

This anime that used to come on advlt swim called Trigun kind of reminds me of Fallout 3. Basically the earth got destroyed and a bunch of human survivors frozen in cryogenic sleep were on spaceships and ended up setteling on a new planet that was all desert, so it was like the Wild West. Many of the towns and settlements remind me of Megaton with their saloons and cowboy wannabes, and the main hero Vash the Stampede kind of reminds me of the Lone Wanderer.