Corundum in the real world is a mineral that rubies and sapphires are composed of and is a form of aluminum oxide. Moonstone is another type of gemstone. Quicksilver is another name for mercury which is liquid at room temperature. Malachite is an ore of copper. As you can see none of these correspond with their representations in-game. As for Ebony, Dwemer metal and daedric in-game. Ebony is the solidified blood of the god Lorkhan, Dwemer metal is condensed from souls and daedric is ebony that has been infused with the soul of a lesser daedroth (note: daedroth is the singular form of daedra).
Malachite and Corundum corrospond to their in game forms (just like iron and steel), hence me noting that in the OP. Corundum looks like corundom and malachite looks like malachite. Since you use them in bonded ceramic applications, this makes sense. Corundum at least, in the real world, is artificually produced for some hardened cermaic applications. Moonstone looks, in game, like its real life form but im not sure how it could be used.
Quicksilver, as you point out, doesnt corrospond to its in game form.
Since Ebony is a glass im going to put it down in my book as just "magic obsidian" Note that i dont bother refering to Daedric ebony. It is just another form (a more powerful form, granted) of the material.
Your explenation for how the Dwemer get their metal makes since, but could you give a link to the book that details this or name the game where it is revealed?
Also, this still doesnt explain orc metal.
as for dwemer metal, its an imaginary metal. But since nobody knew how to craft them besides dwemers, maybe its something like mithril???(Also imaginary). I am surprised there isnt any Mithrils in this game. Didnt LOTR inspire many rpgs to add mithrils?
It did indeed, but Quicksilver is the closest we get here. Dwarves in this setting, the Dwemer, use their own fantasy metal. Orchicalcum functions much like Mithril, a heavy rare metal thats better than steel.