I don't know if you can assign settlers to different roles, but they definitely have varying tasks. I don't know how much of a city building simulation BGS has done, but I guess it's a safe assumption to believe you are more or less the mayor of your respective settlement. What I think would be amazing is if settlements could actually be destroyed and you'd have to rebuild them.
I must admit, I'm trying to main a healthy dose of skepticism towards this feature (as I don't want to end up disappointed from it), but I must say, I am very, very excited to see the limits of this.
I'm even more excited to see how they apply this feature to TES.
Or maybe it would be better if they focused on the remains of actual Fallout, but that's just me.
I was personally hoping for variety for what type of dwellers we could place. Wouldn't it be nice if we somehow had cities full of automated robots or just a big kennel full of attack dogs. Maybe they could make it a bit like state of decay where each survivor can be given a task or would help in the retrieval of items...Getting swarmed? just call in a hit squad. Your nearby village hears your distress and comes in blazing. I'm looking forward to seeing how they implement it.
These things are not mutually exclusive, they were under no pressure (that I can see) to announce the game was ready.
I see no evidence of: 'You get feature x, so you can't have feature y'...