To do that I tried adding an ability to the player with the Condition variable set to only trigger the effect while GetVATSMode == 4. For some reason though, it's working in a really strange way. It seems not to work during VATS action at all, but often (not always) gets stuck on after VATS is done, and turns back off when I start taking action in VATS again (it's still slowed while choosing my target and actions). It also slows the player sometimes as well as everyone else.
-Edit-
I've done a lot more testing, and the game time is actually hard-coded in VATS and can't be changed with scripts or effects. It has to be changed by altering the camera settings under Special Effects > Camera Shot.