Using the moveto console command, I did finally find her, sleeping in a nearby bed.
Apparently she now spends 24 hours of every day sleeping. I get the impression she's supposed to start sleeping during the day, but instead she's just always sleeping.
By carefully digging back through hundreds of saves, I managed to pinpoint exactly when she "disappeared". Apparently, completing "The Wolf Queen" puts Sybille to sleep for the rest of eternity. I've tested this with consistent results: while on the Wolf Queen quest, I can check in on her and say hi. As soon as I finish the quest, (by handing Potema's remains to Styrr,) Sybille teleports into bed.
It's worth noting that Sybille had already given me the Vampire quest when I got the Potema quest, so it's possible the two quests glitched each other in some way.
Since I did finally find her, it doesn't look like there's any permanent damage done (unlike that one quest in Markarth...) but still, it's pretty weird. Anyone know if there's any way to fix this?