Ever since I discovered this quote...
...the Motheaters song, on the Imperial Library's archive, http://www.imperial-library.info/content/forum-archives-others. I've been sort of obsessed with trying to find out what the group actually was, and I think I may have discovered the truth behind them.
From the song-quote it can be determined that the group is most likely one of the countless Nibenean Cults as referred to in http://www.imperial-library.info/content/pocket-guide-empire-first-edition-cyrodiil. This cult appears to have some connections to the Alessian Order, and through this line, Who keeps the Allesian Heresy down, it can be determined that the cult was probably dedicated to purging the Marukhati religion (especially since most of the rest of the song seems to mock the actions of the Selectives).
Unfortunately this is the only text that actually mentions the mysterious "Motheaters". However, I did manage to find something else that might connect to them on the http://www.imperial-library.info/content/attrebus-guard.
So apparently a moth cult rebelled in the Imperial City sometime during the reign of Tiber Septim, but what exactly would cause them to rebel?
Well, let's pretend for a second that this moth cult is the Alessian hating, Motheaters. What could have Tiber done to piss off these guys? This is where the http://www.imperial-library.info/content/real-barenziah comes in handy.
The Temple of the One, as a cult, is normally believed to have been affiliated with the Alessian Order (hence "the One"). Since Tiber Septim was apparently a follower of the Temples doctrine, we can see why the Motheaters may have felt it necessary to depose Tiber Septim.
There are also smaller details to look at, like the quote "Who controls the Septim crown?", which could be directed at the period in which the rebellion had removed Septim from the Imperial City. Another smaller detail is the nickname given to the Legion group who most heavily resisted the rebellion, "The Faithful", which may be in their reference to defending the Temple Faith from the Motheaters.
Hopefully this is new info to you guys and I'm not making a complete fool of myself. Tell me what you think of this theory?