You just need the wild wasteland perk
That's only in New Vegas.
Fallout 3's random encounters (even the sillier ones such as the Alien Crash-explosion) happen....well randomly at any point in time in the vanilla game.
However they appear at specific locations, my suggestion is to just simply wander the wasteland in the course of playing the game and come upon the encounters like you were meant to (makes it more of a surprise). Otherwise you can find the locations that the encounters occur on the Fallout wiki (however keep in mind this is a list of where encounters
can occur, the encounters themselves are chosen randomly at those spots in order to ensure that its unlikely you'll encounter a random encounter twice in a row in the same location in two different playthroughs).
The exception to all this is Enclave Verti-assualt teams. Which drop off at specific locations and are scripted events once the Water's of life quest is completed.