I haven't seen a comprehensive listing though traveling from markarth to Riften takes somewhere in the range of 20 hours. It might be worth me jumping into the game just to make a list though. Hmmm.
The attack after 8PM and up until 6 or 8AM. What I do if I don't know the time of travel, is make a save, then FT to the city. If I arrive after 8PM, I note the time, then reload the save, wait the amount of time needed to get me there during daylight, and travel again.
In Oblivion, it was whether you had a horse or not that affected times, now it appears that your armor choice has an affect on the times, see this
http://elderscrolls.wikia.com/wiki/Fast_Travel_%28Skyrim%29
Just fast travel to the stables, if its dark when you get there wait till daybreak then enter the city.
Read the thread and you will see that the OP is actually asking about the duration.
Personally, I'm against the use of FT on all but my first playthrough.
There aren't any time zones between holds. All city holds are basically on the same time zone. The "time difference" is just the amount of time it takes your char to get there (either by foot/horse or fast travel). Fast traveling is obviously the most direct route. So if you fast travel from Riften at 6am and arrive at Markath by noon, then the shortest distance (assuming your char could travel unimpeded in a straight line through the terrain between holds) would be 6 hrs. Horseback, open carriage (by mods) and foot travel would naturally take longer to varying degrees.
On Vamp attacks: these typically begin a twilight regardless of what hold your char happens to be in. The probability of an attack, as you've very well discovered by now, is due to the fast traveling. This also applies to dragon attacks as well.
So instead of fast traveling directly into a city hold in the late evening, try traveling to a location a distance away from the city gates (preferably to a spot in the wilderness just outside the city).
Unfortunately, this is the only way to reduce the likelyhood of an immediate attack. If you can't stand the attacks, then consider installing a mod like "When Vamps attack". Assuming you use the PC that is. However, if not--and you experience a loading screen (after fast traveling just outside the city)--then there's a good chance the probability of a vamp assault will be reduced. I really haven't encountered that many, because my char goes on foot or horseback everywhere.
Patience young Padawan. Why must everything be achievement oriented, instantaneous gratification, rush, rush, RUSH with you younger Jedi?
Remember: it's not about the destination--but the journey! Just something you'll have to learn to accept with TES games for the future.