I'm wanting to get some traveling gear for my character, something like hat Aragorn would wear.

Like a cloak, or a caped set of clothes, something like that.

Nightingale armor looks great, but thief doesn't fit my character and I hate that quest line.

Fur armor is also cool, but it has no cloak or cape.

That fur trimmed cloak the jarls wear looks good too, but I am unsure of how you can obtain it.

Mods are your best bet if you're on PC.

The only way to obtain the Fur-Trimmed Cloak that I know of is to do the Dark Brotherhood quest "Bound Until Death", have the perk to be able to pickpocket equipped items and pickpocket it from Bryling in the Blue Palace after you do that quest.

what about alik'r robes and hood it has a small cloak like thing and looks good there are actually no cloaks in skyrim unless you are on PC and use mods that adds [censored] loads of awesome cloaks

No, in the solitude East Empire warehouse theses a type