I experience this bug sometimes when I tab out of the game and tab back in, but not always. Is the water always transparent for you, or just some times? Is it all water surfaces that have some kind of bug? Does exiting the game and restarting it fix it?
If you are willing to mod your game I suggest this one: http://www.skyrimnexus.com/downloads/file.php?id=711 makes water look much better and so far I don't have any transparency bugs with it.
I have seen this bug in a cave and in Whiterun on Xbox 360 and PC since 1.3. Also I have seen the vanishing cloudy effect underwater (goes clear) since I first played the game on launch (also both platforms). That last bug is so random and horrible (and no I'm not talking about the water line surface bug, that has never been fixed since Oblivion).