for example if you cast a fire spell while its raining it would do less damage cooling it down doing less damage the futher away the target is less damage it would deal but would create steam on its path witch could lessen vision of all things including you and if it was a aoe on impact would make a ball like shape of steam witch would less the targets vision but u would lose track of it. during a hot day it would do slightly more damage and if a fire spell was cast during a snow storm it would do less damage cooling it down doing less damage the further away the target less damage it would deal and create water witch would just be for appeal
for lightning spells if you casted one during while its raining it would damage you (but only for a small amount of the full damage higher spell damage higher self damage and vise versa for lower damage spells) and it would have a cone effect or mabye a chain effect whatever one beth think is better. during a hot day it would do a dot (damage over time) effect because of the sweat on the character and if the target was wear a metal suit of armor the damage would increase and the damage would lessen if he/she was wearing leather armor (this would apply for your character as-well). Maybe of other thing that i cant think of at the moment
for frost spells if you cast one during rain it would create a path of ice and if the spell has a aoe impact i would create a area of ice damage witch would do a damage over time in that area from the falling ice bigger aoe = more falling ice = more damage over time in the aoe. during a hot day the ice would melt a bit heating up and doing less damage further away the target its.
this is just my ruff idea of what beth could do in skyrim mabye someone with programing experience could tweak
so what does the people of the forum think if this yes or no?