The Dovahkiin is a person born with the soul of a Dragon, likely given this power as a gift from Akotosh, the Aedra of Time, who represents himself as a dragon.
There are some indications that the Dovahkiin is a Shezarrine- a reincarnation or aspect of Shor/Lorkhan, the Daedra who had created the mortal realm of Mundus. As Shor/Lorkhan is primarily a human deity-like figure, any Shezarrine is automatically a Champion of Men, despite their race.
The Dovahkiin is unlikely to be an aspect of Talos. The abilities of a Dovahkiin is a gift from the gods, and Talos was one of the most famous Dovahkiin, but defantly not the first.
At least, this is what I can gather. Correct me if I'm wrong.