So the answer is... a mixture, basically. They're not based on any one culture.
Exactly.
I never considered the Japanese connection to the Great Houses...but the more I consider it the more obvious it seems.. The whole clan/house issue is clearly Japanese...especially the Sengoku Jedai period. You have House Hlaalu which represents those clans that adopted Western technologies and tactics and on the whole were very conciliatory to the West (Clan Oda, Satsuma prefecture). House Telvanni represents Machiavellian thinking and hostility toward all foreign influence (Tokugawa). House Redoran toally embodies the Samurai ideal (with a little Sparta thrown into the mix).
Ancestor worship is clearly Eastern, even with the shrines.
Sumerian/Mesopotamia/Anatolian pre-Islamic Middle East in their architecture and general outlook on life (tending to be harshly realistic and skeptical of any sort of redeeming goodness in life). This is closely linked to Phoenician/Carthaginian culture which I think House Hlaalu in particular is modelled on. Perhaps a little Central/Southern American culture.
Some have said the Ashlanders are Native American influenced, but may I suggest that they share far more in common with the Mongolian and Manchurian tribal peoples. Yurts, Khans, etc.
I also detect a hint of Egyptian, especially in Morrowind's relationship to the Empire (being subservient but remaining semi-autonomous).
Then you have the Temple and the concept of ALMSIVI and trinity, so you have an early pre-Roman Judeo-Christian influence there.
Medieval/Renaissance Northwestern Europe meets Rome (Cyrodiil/Imperials) and/or pre-Christian Scandinavia (Skyrim/Nords). Redguards = West African Coast/Berber influence. Bosmer = Celtic/Native American. Orcs = Slavic. Bretons = British (some Celtic influence, but hardly based on Celtic society imho). Altmer = some Age of Exploration European influence, maybe a little Ottoman Empire, and is that a hint of Renaissance Italy I detect?
Dwemer are clearly Sumerian meets Industrial Revolution meets Lost Island of Atlantis. :foodndrink:
Ayleids have a strong Etruscan influence to them mixed with a little Athenian Greek.
This is me putting my degree in history to good use :dance: